Nearly all our orchidaceous plants absolutely require the visits of insects to remove their pollen-masses and thus to fertilise them.

I find from experiments that humble-bees are almost indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not visit this flower.

I have also found that the visits of bees are necessary for the fertilisation of some kinds of clover; for instance twenty heads of Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) yielded 2,290 seeds, but twenty other heads, protected from bees, produced not one.

Again, 100 heads of red clover (T.